Pension reform in Europe

Undertaking 6 Are future annuities made sure about? Bruno Miguel Silva Abrantes Current Issues in Economic Policy Academic year 2012-2013 Contents Are benefits made sure about? Understanding benefits Pensions mean to deal with the change of an individual as laborer to resigned. So he appreciate a pay gave by the state or another association and keep up a comparative way of life to what he had while utilized and along these lines have an agreeable life financially, until the finish of his life.The second goal of a benefits is identified with the fght against destitution which is done through a redistribution of salary that romotes value, inside the old class. 1 There is a developing worry with respect to the European Commission on the supportability of annuity frameworks in the different nations of the European Union. The ongoing monetary and financial emergency has uncovered shortcomings that few nations have and bring into question the supportability of the benefits framework. Finan cial development eased back, joblessness has risen and the open records are in poor condition.One of the more genuine ramifications on future annuities is identified with the way that an enormous piece of the populace stays jobless or is compelled to acknowledge Jobs where they get lower ncomes, or work less time, which will bring about a lower benefits. 2 Further intensifying the circumstance is a significant segment pattern towards a maturing populace. The expansion in future over the previous decades, joined with low ripeness rates is making an adjustment in the creation of the populace. The quantity of dynamic laborers will diminish while the quantity of individuals who are resigned will increase.Moreover, the quantities of years that an individual stays utilized is waning, incompletely in light of the fact that individuals begin to work later, because of the numerous years spent in training. Then again there is an incredible propensity in getting early retirement ue to existing arrangements and the executives ot age in What are the primary frameworks of annuity subsidizing? the work advertise. In a few nations of the EIJ-27 the open segment is to a great extent liable for annuities, early retirement, inability and survivors. Anyway there are a few contrasts between the different individuals from the European Union at the degree of benefits identified with word related or private pensions.In a summed up way annuities can be ordered into three columns: The open standardized savings framework, obligatory or intentional word related plans and deliberate private plans. The primary, open government managed savings framework is without a doubt to a great extent answerable for the allotment of benefits to the populace in most part conditions of the EIJ-27. This column can be described essentially by the Pay-as-you-go framework (PAYG). In this framework annuities are financed legitimately from assessments and social commitments that laborers are paying in the pres ent.The charges are utilized to pay benefits in the present moment as opposed to being utilized to make finances that may develop in the long haul and advantage people in the future. 3 Schemes inside the subsequent column can be required or deliberate word related plans. Investment in these assets is typically ordered by law and intends to give a satisfactory annuity to resigned individuals as per what they spared during their working life. These assets are made by an organization or association so as to give appropriate annuities to their representatives, which ought to relate to the exertion and commitment the laborers exercised.Both the worker and the business add to the reserve, which develops with the arrival rates that change with the condition of the market and the economy. The measure of the benefits relies upon the quantity of long periods of administration and last pay of the representative. These assets are critical to assuage the obligation of the state to make sure abou t benefits in the entire populace, yet in addition since it is accepted that these associations can grow a reserve more adequately than the state would. 4 The third and last column is described by private plans. These are plans that help individuals to aggregate reserve funds for their retirement.The individuals who wish to do so can look over a wide scope of plans who best match their requirements. There are reserves that are more dangerous; anyway the commitment that individual does is not exactly the advantage you will get if all works out in a good way. Then again there are more secure assets in which the advantage will coordinate the commitment made. Regularly these assets are deliberate and are reciprocal to government changes that individuals get from the state. 5 Looking at table 7(in index) we can separate open annuities, which are a piece of the principal mainstay of benefits in different sub-groups.Among which we can discover Minimum annuity/social recompense, Old age, ea rly retirement, inability and survivors' annuities. Early-retirement, mature age annuities, incapacity and survivors' benefits exist in practically every one of the 27 part states. Early retirement doesn't exist in the Netherlands, Malta, United Kingdom and Norway. These plans work for the most part as profit related, which implies that benefits are allocated by what individuals earned and contributed during their working life. Anyway not all nations have embraced this plan in the equivalent way.In Denmark, endurance and incapacity benefits are granted concurring toa level rate, offering an annuity with a fixed an incentive after some time. Thusly of arranging annuities can advance more prominent social value it the individuals who are the objective of these level rate benefits have not worked or contributed enough to get an ension that is adequate to have a decent personal satisfaction in mature age. Anyway the state needs to put forth an additional attempt to subsidize this benefi ts conspire, an exertion that at last fall on citizens, since the individuals who will get these annuity contributed not exactly the measure of annuity they will get. Least benefits or social remittance plans exist in all EIJ part state. These benefits are generally implies tried, as in individuals are tried to comprehend whether they are , that is as per what the individual has earned and contributed as a representative, or in the event that they didn't ork and had no and any increase in the event that they have worked and which contributed got isn't sufficient to get to an ordinary annuity. This sort of benefits is typically financed by charges on residents instead of individual commitments of people to annuity reserves. In the second column we discover Mandatory/deliberate plans occupation.

DWIGHT EISENHOWER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DWIGHT EISENHOWER - Essay Example In 1944-1945, as the pioneer of the Western Front, Dwight Eisenhower figured out how to effectively attack and involve Germany and France1.In 1951, he was selected as the principal military incomparable pioneer of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.He additionally filled in as the Chief of Staff, under the Harry Truman administration. Dwight Eisenhower entered the United States political field in 1952, so as to counter the dangers that originated from socialist Korea. He additionally occupied with legislative issues so as to counter the non-interventionism approaches that were drafted by Senator Robert Taft. During his first year of presidency2, Eisenhower figured out how to support an overthrow in Iran. This prompted the oust of Mohammad Mosadegh. This was after the Iranian government nationalized its oil holds, which were generally constrained by the British and American organizations. On this premise, nationalization of the oil stores would have affected contrarily on the Amer ican interests. Probably the best accomplishment of Dwight Eisenhower was to persuade China to stop the1950 to 1953 war that was between South Korea and North Korea. South Korea was bolstered by United Nations, while North Korea was upheld by China. North Korea rehearsed socialism as an arrangement of administration. In this war, under the protection of the United Nations, United States of America contributed over 80% of the soldiers that worked in South Korea.

Homosexuality (2381 words) Essay Example For Students

Homosexuality (2381 words) Essay HomosexualityThe causes of human sexuality and homosexuality specifically have puzzledphilosophers, scholars and customary individuals for a large number of years. In scattercultures, gay people have been viewed as a typical piece of life, nonetheless, samesex fascination in many societies have been treated as an indefensible sin or aterrible wrongdoing. Numerous clinicians and therapist had endeavored to treatand counsel the gay people. In our social standard, male draws in to female andfemale pulls in to male. To everybody this is a characteristic and natural desire. Nonetheless, there is a critical minority who pulls in to their own sex. Itsabout five percent of the populace on the planet. There are numerous opposingviewpoints of whether it gets from variety in our qualities or our physiology,from the complexities of our own history or from combination of these? Is itfor that issue a decision as opposed to an impulse? Odds are nobody factor orstudy can alone elucidate and explain the human sexual direction. However,there are confirmations that demonstrate being gay is certainly not a decision. The nature ofhomosexuality essentially originates from ones organic sexual direction and theenvironment is only a source to deliver or quell the conduct Manyresearchers and researchers have long quest for the recognizable brainstructures, the natural chemistry in the human minds to separate thedifferences to arrange between the two clear genders we currently have in oursociety, male and female. Such sex separation of the cerebrums structure iscalled sexual dimorphism. . (LeVay/Hamer 22) The primary noteworthy observationof sexual dimorphism acted in a creature research facility. Roger A. Gorski, aprofessor at University of California, Los Angeles, directed a trial onrats. In 1978, Gorski analyzed the rodents nerve center, a locale at the base ofits mind that is engaged with instinctual practices and guideline ofmetabolism. He found there is a gathering on front of the nerve center isseveral times bigger in millimeter of the male rodents contrasted with the female rodents. The cell bunch is extremely little however it could be handily seen on a recolored slicewhen being seen under a magnifying lens. All the more strangely, Gorskis findingapplied to the sexual direction among guys and females. That particulargroup of cell is known as the average preoptic are has been associated with thesexual practices commonly showed in guys. For example, if there is a malerat has a physical issue average preoptic zone, he evidently couldnt uninterested tosex with another female. From the investigation of Gorski and his collaborators, we nowknow the androgen is the average male hormone and the estrogen is the femalehormone assumed a significant job in achieve dimorphism during the fetusdevelopment. (LeVay/Hamer 23) Another finding likewise engaged with Gorski and hiscolleagues at U.C.L.A, particularly with his understudy, Dr. Laura S. Allen. Theyalso found the dimorphic structure in the human mind. A cell bunch named INAH3,shorten for the third interstitial core of the front nerve center, in themedial preoptic locale of the nerve center is around multiple times bigger in menthat in ladies. (LeVay/Hamer 23) Animal examinations make accessible a decent arrangement ofevidence for natural premise of infection, however for this situation, sexual direction. Through a cautious abuse of hormone level on rodents, Gorski as been capable toproduce male rodents that show female conduct and infused into thefemale baby that create with the male embryo and it give off an impression of being masculinebecause of the male testosterone. They additionally look and act progressively like guys. Inaddition, they are less appealing to male mice (Gorman 60) Related to Gorskiand Allens study, Simon LeVay, a British researcher and nervous system specialist at SanDiego Salk Institute, who is additionally gay, played out another examination for BiologicalStudies, in 1990. LeVay chose to check whether INAH3 or some other cell groupin the average preoptic territory fluctuates in size with sexual direction too aswith sex. LeVay led an investigation on the nerve center in post-mortem specimensfrom nineteen gay men, every one of whom kicked the bucket of AIDS and sixteen heterosexualmen, six of whom had additionally passed on of entanglement of AIDS. In the wake o f encoding thespecimens to dispose of all the inclination that could slant the result. LeVay carefullysliced the nerve center into sequential cuts. He estimated their cross-sectionalareas and their thickness under a magnifying instrument. LeVay has closed the sexuallydimorphic core INAH3 were essentially bigger than of female and littler inmale gay people than in straight men and comparative in size to the core offemale. In some gay men, this gathering through and through nonexistent; this isstatistically demonstrated in 1 out of 1000 gay men. LeVay guessed this is abiological factor and conceivably hereditarily based has affected in the minds ofhomosexuals to become feminized. (LeVay/Hamer 25) William Byne, a psychiatristat Mount Sinai Medical Center chose to challenge and test LeVays finding. Byne analyzed the minds of nineteen hetero men and seven ladies and foundthe male cores were bigger, as LeVay had started. Byne thought of severalarguments that different elements could likewise impacted the reason for homosexualitybut picked not to distribute his outcome until he can preclude all the possibilitiesthat could negate his contention. He is likewise gathering various human brainsfor an examination of gay and straight guys. (Horgan 26) There are manyconservatives who dislike homosexuality and have the serious hostilitywith the idea of gay quality and have generally contended against it. Butthis is on the grounds that those moderates don't comprehend the suggestions that liebehind the gay quality. Homosexuality is life left-handedness. Its neitherchosen nor a mental sickness. Since the homosexuality uncovered and became acontroversial issue in United States over the most recent three decades, manyconservatives contend, Homosexuality is a picked way of life, similar to vegg ie lover. High schooler Suicide EssayAnother model is Type 1 diabetes; this ailment has just 30% dynamic, so inanother word, you could just have 30% possibility of this quality will become enact. Hence two indistinguishable siblings could have share a similar quality for diabetes butone may create it and one may not. The animation of the gay quality is only50%, therefore, a few twins don't have the equivalent sexual direction unlessthere is something that triggers those alleles to enact. There are traitsthat develop at the diverse time of life, some toward the start and others thatemerge later on in time. (Kangas 20) Another clarification is after the fertilizedegg isolated into two people. The DNA arrangement may have a couple changesand that could prompt the character just as the sexual orientationdifferences. This has not been demonstrated, however it could be one of the possibilitiesof why indistinguishable twins don't have 100% possibility of being gay. Bailey andPillard state their exploration demonstrates that male sexual direction issubstantially hereditary. Research on social components has demonstrated fruitless,with no proof that parental conduct or even guardians homosexuality affectsthe childrens sexual direction. (Pillard 32) Applying the homosexuality tothe quality idea, New York therapist Kenneth Paul Rosenberg accepts that we,as individuals, ought to be increasingly receptive to the investigation of homosexuality in light of the fact that itcould help to battle for gay and lesbian rights in this general public. Ideally italso could diminish a raising contempt crime percentage and the segregation towardhomosexuals.(Horgan) Like any hereditary research, finding the quality grouping istime expending and costly. The finding of Huntingtons infection took about adecade and cost a huge number of dollars. What are the benefits of the studysoutcomes and who will be impacts by it? Human sexual direction is no ordinarytopic or study. Its at the focal point of a savage discussion including legislative issues, thelaw, religion, morals and the beginnings and importance of human conduct. Numerous legalexperts felt the proof for a hereditary connect to homosexuality would strengthensthe proof for permanence and in this manner cause more tightly investigation of laws thatpermitted victimization gays and lesbians in lodging, business, orparticipation in the political procedure. Others, however, contended that immutabilitywas a distraction and that the main problem was equivalent security, not science. There were likewise moral, clinical and financial issues required too. Althoughscientists didn't give any test to the still speculative gay quality yet weare traveling toward that path. On the off chance that such test were created, might guardians decideto screen the baby for homosexuality, similarly as they accomplish for Down condition andother hereditary imperfections? Would a few specialists view homosexuality as a geneticdefect that ought to be relieved and gotten rid of the populace? Would insurancecompanies accuse men of the gay quality more on inclusion or decline to serve thembecause they have a higher danger of AIDS looked by gay men? These are questionsthat stressed numerous individuals. What's more, gay people are much of the time the targetsof separation and viciousness. The treat of viciousness and segregation is anobstacle to lesbian and gay people groups improvement. In a 1989 national survey,5% of the gay men and 10% of the lesbians announced physical maltreatment a nd/orassault47% report some type of separation over their lifetime. Otherresearch has show likewise high paces of separation or viciousness towardhomosexuals (Yahoo.com, APA Q;A) Personally I do trust the hereditary surgerywill uncover the genuine idea of gay and locate the correct loci of the gaygene sooner rather than later. Hopefully with finding of the biologicalinfluences on the gay quality can assist with taking out the separation and theescalating detest violations rate toward the gay people. Gay people are normalpeople like the heteros. They have sentiments and their sexual orientationof pulling in a similar sex is intrinsic. They have no power over this dest

Sex Offenders Outline Term-Paper

Sex Offenders Outline Term-Paper Sex Offenders Committing sex crimes is one of the most wide-spread types of offense, and it is one of the scariest ones, as often it is targeted at children. In different countries there are various jurisdictions applicable for sex offenders and various definitions of sex crimes. They can be minor, such as receiving or sending obscene content in SMS messages, and can be such that involve a victim or several victims. And the latter kind of cases is the one, towards which the government prevention efforts are directed. Despite the efforts and different programs, recidivism rate among sexual offenders reaches 5.3%. It is not a positive tendency, as it means that every 19th offender released from prison commits new sex crime within 3 years after release. While according to statistics, sex offenders are less likely to get arrested for any crime (43% against 68%), they are more likely to commit the same kind of crime – 5.3% versus 1.3%. An average age of sex offenders’ victims is less than 13, and for rape victims – around 22. The above presented statistics may seem really scary, and rightly so. In order to change the situation, some urgent measures have to be taken and effective programs to decrease recidivism cases should be implemented. Today one of the effective ways of keeping sex offenders under some kind of control is regular updating of sex offender registry. In the US such databases are open to the public through special websites or other sources. The offenders are classified into levels and people can freely see whether there are such people in the surrounding territory. There are also restrictions as to the place of residence for the offenders – they usually cannot reside near schools, gyms and other places of children’s conglomeration. Still, as statistics shows, it is necessary to work on new ways of sex offenders’ control so as to be sure in the safety of our kids.

What Was the Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was a proposal to establish a bicameral legislature in the newly-founded United States. Drafted by James Madison in 1787, the plan recommended that states be represented based upon their population numbers, and it also called for the creation of three branches of government. While the Virginia Plan was not adopted in full, parts of the proposal were incorporated into the Great Compromise of 1787, which laid the foundation for the creation of the U.S. Constitution. Key Takeaways: The Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan was a proposal drafted by James Madison and discussed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.The plan called for a bicameral legislature with the number of representatives for each state to be determined by the states population size.The Great Compromise of 1787 incorporated elements of the Virginia Plan into the new Constitution, replacing the Articles of Confederation. Background Following the establishment of the United States’ independence from Britain, the new nation was operating under the Articles of Confederation: an agreement among the thirteen original colonies that the U.S. was a confederation of sovereign states. Because each state was an independent entity with its own governmental system, it soon became apparent that the idea of a confederation wasn’t going to work, particularly in cases of conflict. In the summer of 1787, the Constitutional Convention convened to evaluate the problems with governing under the Articles of Confederation. Several plans for modifying the government were proposed by the delegates to the convention. Under the direction of delegate William Paterson, the New Jersey Plan suggested a unicameral system, in which legislators voted as a single assembly. In addition, this proposal offered each state a single vote, regardless of population size. Madison, along with Virginia’s governor Edmund Randolph, presented their proposal, which included fifteen resolutions, as a contrast to the New Jersey Plan. Although this proposal is often called the Virginia Plan, it is sometimes referred to as the Randolph Plan in the governor’s honor. Principles The Virginia Plan suggested first and foremost that the United States govern by way of a bicameral legislature. This system would split legislators into two houses, as opposed to the single assembly put forth by the New Jersey Plan, and legislators would be held to specified term limits. According to the Virginia Plan, each state would be represented by a number of legislators determined by the population of free inhabitants. Such a proposal was of benefit to Virginia and other large states, but smaller states with lower populations were concerned that they wouldn’t have enough representation. The Virginia Plan called for a government divided into three distinct branches— executive, legislative, and judicial—which would create a system of checks and balances. Perhaps more importantly, the proposal suggested the concept of the federal negative, which meant that the federal legislative body would have the power to veto any state laws seen as â€Å"contravening in the opinion of the National Legislature the articles of Union.† In other words, state laws could not contradict federal ones. Specifically, Madison wrote: â€Å"Resolved that the Legislative Executive and Judiciary powers within the several States ought to be bound by oath to support the articles of Union.† The Federal Negative Madison’s proposal for the federal negative—the power of Congress to veto and override state laws—became a bone of contention among the delegates on June 8. Originally, the Convention had agreed to a somewhat limited federal negative, but in June, South Carolina governor Charles Pinckney proposed that the federal negative should apply to â€Å"all laws which [Congress] should judge to be improper.† Madison seconded the motion, warning delegates that a limited federal negative could become an issue later on, when states began to argue about the constitutionality of individual vetoes. The Great Compromise Ultimately, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were tasked with making a decision, and so they had to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of both the New Jersey and Virginia Plans. While the Virginia Plan was appealing to larger states, smaller states supported the New Jersey Plan, with their delegates feeling they would have more fair representation in the new government. Instead of adopting either of these proposals, a third option was presented by Roger Sherman, a delegate from Connecticut. Sherman’s plan included a bicameral legislature, as laid out in the Virginia Plan, but recommended provided a compromise to satisfy concerns about population-based representation. In Shermans plan, each state would have two representatives in the Senate and a population-determined number of representatives in the House. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed that this plan was fair to everyone and voted to pass it into legislation in 1787. This proposal structuring the U.S. government has been called both the Connecticut Compromise and the Great Compromise. A year later, in 1788, Madison worked with Alexander Hamilton to create The Federalist Papers, a detailed pamphlet which explained to Americans how their new system of government would work once the new Constitution was ratified, replacing the ineffective Articles of Confederation. Sources The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison on June 15. The  The Avalon Project, Yale Law School/Lillian Goldman Law Library. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_615.asp#1Moss, David, and Marc Campasano. James Madison, the Federal Negative, and the Making of the U.S. Constitution. Harvard Business School Case 716-053, February 2016. http://russellmotter.com/9.19.17_files/Madison%20Case%20Study.pdfâ€Å"The Virginia Plan.† The Anti-Federalist Papers. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1786-1800/the-anti-federalist-papers/the-virginia-plan-(may-29).php

Cloud Computing Security - 1256 Words

Cloud computing security or, more simply, cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security, network security, and, more broadly, information security. It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed to protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing. Cloud security is not to be confused with security software offerings that are cloud-based such as security as a service. Issues in Security of Cloud Organizations use the Cloud in a variety of different service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) and deployment models (Private, Public, Hybrid). There are a number of security issues/concerns associated with cloud computing but these issues fall into two broad categories: Security issues faced by cloud providers (organizations providing software-, platform-, or infrastructure-as-a-service via the cloud) and security issues faced by their customers.In most cases, the provider must ensure that their infrastructure is secure and that their clients’ data and applications are protected while the customer must ensure that the provider has taken the proper security measures to protect their information. The extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unique security concerns for customers or tenants of a public cloud service. Virtualization alters the relationship between the OS and underlying hardware - be it computing, storage or even networking. 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Community Development free essay sample

Development Planning Lecture 1: Understanding the key concepts of Community, Community Development Economic Development Course Learning Outcomes †¢ Explain the key concepts of social infrastructure in spatial planning †¢ Analyze social infrastructure issues in spatial planning †¢ Identify the various challenges of social infrastructure in spatial planning practices Community †¢ Various definitions: ? People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social and psychological ties with each other and with the place where they live (Mattessich and Monsey, 2004) ?A grouping of people who live close to one another and are united by common interests and mutual aids (National Research Council 1975) †¢ These definitions refer to people and the ties that bind them, then only to geographic locations †¢ It means, without people and the connections/ties, community will be only a collections of buildings and streets. †¢ However community does no t necessarily means â€Å"living physically close to one another†.It also refers to social connections at other than living place such as workplace, sports centre, clubs or groups, or political affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ Community can also be created through special interest or conditions such as disability, gender, belief †¢ In this era of social media (such as FB, Twitter) madness, communities can be created on virtual platform. Community Development (CD) †¢ Community Development is defined and described as.. – the process of developing stronger communities of people and the social and psychological ties they share. The educational process to enable citizens to address problems by group decision-making – Involvement in a process to achieve improvement in some aspect of community life – All these processes will result in an outcome which is the improvement of community capital. Community Capital Human Capital †¢ Labour supply, skills, experience, capabilities Physical Capital †¢ Buildings, streets, infrastructure Financial Capital †¢ Community financial institutions, micro loan funds, community development banksEnvironmental Capital †¢ Natural resources, weather, recreational opportunities Social Capital Social Capital †¢ Social Capital refers to the ability of residents to organize and mobilize their resources for the accomplishment of consensual defined goals †¢ It refers to the extent to which members of a community can work together e ffectively to develop and sustain strong relationships, solve problems and make group decisions, and collaborate effectively to achieve common goalsSocial Capital †¢ Some scholars make distinction between bonding capital and bridging capital †¢ Bonding capital refers to ties within homogenous groups (e. g. races, gender, people with the same economic background) †¢ Bridging capital refers to ties among different groups Community development chains Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready communityEconomic development †¢ Community development and economic development is highly sinergistic. †¢ Community development – a planned effort to produce assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life. The assets include: physical, human, social, financial, environmental †¢ Economic development †“ the process of creating wealth through the mobilization of human, financial, capital, physical and natural resources to generate marketable goods and services. The definitions are clearly parallel : community development is to produce and improve assets, economic development is to mobilize these assets which will bring greater benefits for the community ie. more goods, services, jobs etc. †¢ Both types of development are highly dependable on each other as most businesses will look for development-ready communities that are equipped with strong and established communities, good infrastructure, abundant supply of labour, safety, telecommunication etc.Community and economic development chains Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready community Economic development outcome Job creation Increased income and wealth Increased standard of living Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Economic development process Creating and maintaining ED programs Mobilizing resources The end