What Was the Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was a proposal to establish a bicameral legislature in the newly-founded United States. Drafted by James Madison in 1787, the plan recommended that states be represented based upon their population numbers, and it also called for the creation of three branches of government. While the Virginia Plan was not adopted in full, parts of the proposal were incorporated into the Great Compromise of 1787, which laid the foundation for the creation of the U.S. Constitution. Key Takeaways: The Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan was a proposal drafted by James Madison and discussed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.The plan called for a bicameral legislature with the number of representatives for each state to be determined by the states population size.The Great Compromise of 1787 incorporated elements of the Virginia Plan into the new Constitution, replacing the Articles of Confederation. Background Following the establishment of the United States’ independence from Britain, the new nation was operating under the Articles of Confederation: an agreement among the thirteen original colonies that the U.S. was a confederation of sovereign states. Because each state was an independent entity with its own governmental system, it soon became apparent that the idea of a confederation wasn’t going to work, particularly in cases of conflict. In the summer of 1787, the Constitutional Convention convened to evaluate the problems with governing under the Articles of Confederation. Several plans for modifying the government were proposed by the delegates to the convention. Under the direction of delegate William Paterson, the New Jersey Plan suggested a unicameral system, in which legislators voted as a single assembly. In addition, this proposal offered each state a single vote, regardless of population size. Madison, along with Virginia’s governor Edmund Randolph, presented their proposal, which included fifteen resolutions, as a contrast to the New Jersey Plan. Although this proposal is often called the Virginia Plan, it is sometimes referred to as the Randolph Plan in the governor’s honor. Principles The Virginia Plan suggested first and foremost that the United States govern by way of a bicameral legislature. This system would split legislators into two houses, as opposed to the single assembly put forth by the New Jersey Plan, and legislators would be held to specified term limits. According to the Virginia Plan, each state would be represented by a number of legislators determined by the population of free inhabitants. Such a proposal was of benefit to Virginia and other large states, but smaller states with lower populations were concerned that they wouldn’t have enough representation. The Virginia Plan called for a government divided into three distinct branches— executive, legislative, and judicial—which would create a system of checks and balances. Perhaps more importantly, the proposal suggested the concept of the federal negative, which meant that the federal legislative body would have the power to veto any state laws seen as â€Å"contravening in the opinion of the National Legislature the articles of Union.† In other words, state laws could not contradict federal ones. Specifically, Madison wrote: â€Å"Resolved that the Legislative Executive and Judiciary powers within the several States ought to be bound by oath to support the articles of Union.† The Federal Negative Madison’s proposal for the federal negative—the power of Congress to veto and override state laws—became a bone of contention among the delegates on June 8. Originally, the Convention had agreed to a somewhat limited federal negative, but in June, South Carolina governor Charles Pinckney proposed that the federal negative should apply to â€Å"all laws which [Congress] should judge to be improper.† Madison seconded the motion, warning delegates that a limited federal negative could become an issue later on, when states began to argue about the constitutionality of individual vetoes. The Great Compromise Ultimately, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were tasked with making a decision, and so they had to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of both the New Jersey and Virginia Plans. While the Virginia Plan was appealing to larger states, smaller states supported the New Jersey Plan, with their delegates feeling they would have more fair representation in the new government. Instead of adopting either of these proposals, a third option was presented by Roger Sherman, a delegate from Connecticut. Sherman’s plan included a bicameral legislature, as laid out in the Virginia Plan, but recommended provided a compromise to satisfy concerns about population-based representation. In Shermans plan, each state would have two representatives in the Senate and a population-determined number of representatives in the House. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed that this plan was fair to everyone and voted to pass it into legislation in 1787. This proposal structuring the U.S. government has been called both the Connecticut Compromise and the Great Compromise. A year later, in 1788, Madison worked with Alexander Hamilton to create The Federalist Papers, a detailed pamphlet which explained to Americans how their new system of government would work once the new Constitution was ratified, replacing the ineffective Articles of Confederation. Sources The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison on June 15. The  The Avalon Project, Yale Law School/Lillian Goldman Law Library. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_615.asp#1Moss, David, and Marc Campasano. James Madison, the Federal Negative, and the Making of the U.S. Constitution. Harvard Business School Case 716-053, February 2016. http://russellmotter.com/9.19.17_files/Madison%20Case%20Study.pdfâ€Å"The Virginia Plan.† The Anti-Federalist Papers. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1786-1800/the-anti-federalist-papers/the-virginia-plan-(may-29).php

Cloud Computing Security - 1256 Words

Cloud computing security or, more simply, cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security, network security, and, more broadly, information security. It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed to protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing. Cloud security is not to be confused with security software offerings that are cloud-based such as security as a service. Issues in Security of Cloud Organizations use the Cloud in a variety of different service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) and deployment models (Private, Public, Hybrid). There are a number of security issues/concerns associated with cloud computing but these issues fall into two broad categories: Security issues faced by cloud providers (organizations providing software-, platform-, or infrastructure-as-a-service via the cloud) and security issues faced by their customers.In most cases, the provider must ensure that their infrastructure is secure and that their clients’ data and applications are protected while the customer must ensure that the provider has taken the proper security measures to protect their information. The extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unique security concerns for customers or tenants of a public cloud service. Virtualization alters the relationship between the OS and underlying hardware - be it computing, storage or even networking. This introduces an additional layer -Show MoreRelatedThe Security Of Cloud Computing1395 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing will take a look into what is could computing and what are the potential security issues, I will be covering topics such as why would a company use cloud computing and how could computing is beneficial for an organisation. I will also look into the security of cloud computing. I will then go on to discuss what is being done to combat these issues, touching on the policies used by Netflix, Sony and Apple. Technical usage of the term cloud computing is the description of distributed systems,Read MoreCloud Computing Security And Security1432 Words   |  6 PagesCloud Computing is a new computing model where data can be stored in the cloud environment can be accessed from anywhere-anytime due to the distributed architecture of cloud environment [1]. Many companies provide the cloud computing platforms such as Google, Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, and VMware. 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Recommended controls to mitigate the risks of these threats being realizedRead MoreSecurity Issues For Cloud Computing1359 Words   |  6 Pages There would various security issues to cloud computing Concerning illustration it includes Numerous innovations including networks, databases, operating systems, virtualization, asset scheduling, transaction management, load balancing, concurrency control and memory administration. Therefore, security issues to a significant number of these frameworks and innovations would relevant to cloud computing. For example, those system that interconnects the frameworks to a cloud need to be secure. Furthermore

Community Development free essay sample

Development Planning Lecture 1: Understanding the key concepts of Community, Community Development Economic Development Course Learning Outcomes †¢ Explain the key concepts of social infrastructure in spatial planning †¢ Analyze social infrastructure issues in spatial planning †¢ Identify the various challenges of social infrastructure in spatial planning practices Community †¢ Various definitions: ? People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social and psychological ties with each other and with the place where they live (Mattessich and Monsey, 2004) ?A grouping of people who live close to one another and are united by common interests and mutual aids (National Research Council 1975) †¢ These definitions refer to people and the ties that bind them, then only to geographic locations †¢ It means, without people and the connections/ties, community will be only a collections of buildings and streets. †¢ However community does no t necessarily means â€Å"living physically close to one another†.It also refers to social connections at other than living place such as workplace, sports centre, clubs or groups, or political affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ Community can also be created through special interest or conditions such as disability, gender, belief †¢ In this era of social media (such as FB, Twitter) madness, communities can be created on virtual platform. Community Development (CD) †¢ Community Development is defined and described as.. – the process of developing stronger communities of people and the social and psychological ties they share. The educational process to enable citizens to address problems by group decision-making – Involvement in a process to achieve improvement in some aspect of community life – All these processes will result in an outcome which is the improvement of community capital. Community Capital Human Capital †¢ Labour supply, skills, experience, capabilities Physical Capital †¢ Buildings, streets, infrastructure Financial Capital †¢ Community financial institutions, micro loan funds, community development banksEnvironmental Capital †¢ Natural resources, weather, recreational opportunities Social Capital Social Capital †¢ Social Capital refers to the ability of residents to organize and mobilize their resources for the accomplishment of consensual defined goals †¢ It refers to the extent to which members of a community can work together e ffectively to develop and sustain strong relationships, solve problems and make group decisions, and collaborate effectively to achieve common goalsSocial Capital †¢ Some scholars make distinction between bonding capital and bridging capital †¢ Bonding capital refers to ties within homogenous groups (e. g. races, gender, people with the same economic background) †¢ Bridging capital refers to ties among different groups Community development chains Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready communityEconomic development †¢ Community development and economic development is highly sinergistic. †¢ Community development – a planned effort to produce assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life. The assets include: physical, human, social, financial, environmental †¢ Economic development †“ the process of creating wealth through the mobilization of human, financial, capital, physical and natural resources to generate marketable goods and services. The definitions are clearly parallel : community development is to produce and improve assets, economic development is to mobilize these assets which will bring greater benefits for the community ie. more goods, services, jobs etc. †¢ Both types of development are highly dependable on each other as most businesses will look for development-ready communities that are equipped with strong and established communities, good infrastructure, abundant supply of labour, safety, telecommunication etc.Community and economic development chains Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready community Economic development outcome Job creation Increased income and wealth Increased standard of living Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Economic development process Creating and maintaining ED programs Mobilizing resources The end